Experiments In Summarizing Global Media Tenor: Views Towards China – Part 1

How might we use LLMs to summarize at-scale media tone and portrayals of countries? Let's look at a few different ways of summarizing global media tone about China.

We'll start with this simple prompt, adapted from some of our earlier experiments:

Summarize the following list of news article headlines that are written in different languages into a detailed summary in English about global views and perspectives on China, making sure to incorporate all of the detail from the different headlines in a single summary. Ignore headlines that do not relate to China. Break the summary down by country.

We'll use BigQuery to compile a list of article titles of articles that mention China at least twice, while excluding those from websites ending in ".cn" or published in Chinese. Given the severe token limitations even of the larger modern LLMs, we'll look at just a random sample of 250 article titles:

CREATE TEMPORARY FUNCTION titleunescape(title STRING) RETURNS STRING LANGUAGE js AS '''
  return title.replace(/()([a-zA-Z0-9]+)(;)/gu, function (whole, capture1, capture2) {
    return String.fromCodePoint(parseInt(capture2, 16))
  });
''';

select titleunescaped as articletitle from (
SELECT
  titleunescape( REGEXP_EXTRACT(Extras, r'(.*?)<\/PAGE_TITLE>') ) titleunescaped
 FROM `gdelt-bq.gdeltv2.gkg_partitioned` WHERE
 V2Locations like '%China%China%' 
  and DocumentIdentifier not like '%.cn/%'
  and TranslationInfo not like '%srclc:zho%'
  AND TIMESTAMP_TRUNC(_PARTITIONTIME, DAY) = TIMESTAMP("2023-09-24")
) group by titleunescaped order by rand() limit 250

Here is the output Claude 2 produces:

Here is a summary of the key points from the news articles about global perspectives on China:

– China's relationship with South Korea is improving, with Chinese President Xi Jinping indicating he is willing to visit South Korea for the first time in almost a decade. There are hopes this could help ease tensions related to North Korea.

– North Korean leader Kim Jong Un sent a letter to Xi Jinping vowing to promote cooperation between North Korea and China. This comes amid concerns over North Korea's strengthening ties with China and Russia.

– China installed floating barriers in disputed waters in the South China Sea, drawing condemnation from the Philippines. Tensions remain high over competing territorial claims in the region.

– China's real estate crisis continues, with millions of empty apartments and homes sitting vacant across the country. Even China's large population is not enough to fill all the vacant housing units.

– The US is holding talks with Vietnam on a major arms deal, seen by some analysts as part of efforts to counter China's influence in the region. Vietnam is a former adversary of the US.

– The EU says its trade relations with China are "very unbalanced" and it is concerned about Beijing's partnership with Moscow. But the EU does not want full decoupling from China's economy.

– India is rapidly building up infrastructure along its border with China, with plans to surpass China in development of roads, bridges and other projects within the next 5 years.

– Saudi Arabia has indicated a willingness to mediate peace talks between Ukraine and Russia. China has maintained close ties with Russia during the war in Ukraine.

In summary, China's relationships across Asia and with major powers like the EU and US remain complex and tense in many areas, though some diplomatic progress is being made. Concerns persist over China's regional actions and ties with Russia.

And Palm 2 32K's output:

South Korea

- South Korea's semiconductor factories in China are still on hold, with some uncertainties remaining.
- South Korea's president met with Chinese President Xi Jinping, and the two leaders discussed the importance of South Korea-China relations.
- South Korea's exports fell by 5% in August, while imports rose by 1%, leading to a trade deficit of $10.1 billion.
- South Korea's central bank raised interest rates by 0.25% to 2.5%, the highest level since 2012.

China

- China's economy grew by 3.9% in the second quarter of 2023, slowing from 4.8% in the first quarter.
- China's trade surplus narrowed to $79.39 billion in August, from $101.26 billion in July.
- China's consumer price index (CPI) rose by 2.5% in August, up from 2.3% in July.
- China's producer price index (PPI) fell by 1.2% in August, the first decline since 2020.
- China's central bank cut interest rates by 0.1% to 3.65% in August, the second rate cut this year.
- China's stock market fell by 2.3% in August, the biggest monthly decline since February.
- China's housing market continued to slow down, with home prices falling in 70 cities in August.
- China's automobile sales fell by 11.9% in August, the biggest decline since April 2020.
- China's exports to the United States fell by 8.8% in August, while imports from the United States fell by 12.5%.
- China's trade with Russia rose by 27.2% in the first seven months of 2023, reaching $107.8 billion.
- China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has invested $1.4 trillion in 147 countries and regions since 2013.
- China's military budget increased by 7.1% in 2023, to $252 billion.
- China's space program launched the Shenzhou-14 spacecraft, carrying three astronauts to the Tiangong space station.
- China's COVID-19 pandemic has largely been brought under control, with no new local cases reported in the past two weeks.

United States

- The United States and China have been competing for influence in the Asia-Pacific region.
- The United States has imposed tariffs on Chinese goods worth billions of dollars, and China has retaliated with tariffs on American goods.
- The United States has also restricted the export of certain technologies to China, and China has responded with similar restrictions.
- The United States and China have been engaged in a trade war since 2018.
- The United States has accused China of human rights abuses, intellectual property theft, and unfair trade practices.
- China has accused the United States of interfering in its internal affairs and trying to contain its rise.
- The United States and China have held several rounds of talks to try to resolve their differences, but no significant progress has been made.

Europe

- The European Union (EU) has also been competing with China for influence in the Asia-Pacific region.
- The EU has imposed tariffs on Chinese goods worth billions of euros, and China has retaliated with tariffs on European goods.
- The EU has also restricted the export of certain technologies to China, and China has responded with similar restrictions.
- The EU and China have been engaged in a trade war since 2018.
- The EU has accused China of human rights abuses, intellectual property theft, and unfair trade practices.
- China has accused the EU of interfering in its internal affairs and trying to contain its rise.
- The EU and China have held several rounds of talks to try to resolve their differences, but no significant progress has been made.

Other Countries

- Japan has been competing with China for influence in the Asia-Pacific region.
- Japan has imposed tariffs on Chinese goods worth billions of yen, and China has retaliated with tariffs on Japanese goods.
- Japan has also restricted the export of certain technologies to China, and China has responded with similar restrictions.
- Japan and China have been engaged in a trade war since 2018.
- Japan has accused China of human rights abuses, intellectual property theft, and unfair trade practices.
- China has accused Japan of interfering in its internal affairs and trying to contain its rise.
- Japan and China have held several rounds of talks to try to resolve their differences, but no significant progress has been made.
- India has been competing with China for influence in the Asia-Pacific region.
- India has imposed tariffs on Chinese goods worth billions of rupees, and China has retaliated with tariffs on Indian goods.
- India has also restricted the export of certain technologies to China, and China has responded with similar restrictions.
- India and China have been engaged in a trade war since 2018.
- India has accused China of human rights abuses, intellectual property theft, and unfair trade practices.
- China has accused India of interfering in its internal affairs and trying to contain its rise.
- India and China have held several rounds of talks to try to resolve their differences, but no significant progress has been made.
- Australia has been competing with China for influence in the Asia-Pacific region.
- Australia has imposed tariffs on Chinese goods worth billions of dollars, and China has retaliated with tariffs on Australian goods.
- Australia has also restricted the export of certain technologies to China, and China has responded with similar restrictions.
- Australia and China have been engaged in a trade war since 2018.
- Australia has accused China of human rights abuses, intellectual property theft, and unfair trade practices.
- China has accused Australia of interfering in its internal affairs and trying to contain its rise.
- Australia and China have held several rounds of talks to try to resolve their differences, but no significant progress has been made.

Both of these summaries focus more on factual summarization. Let's try an alternative prompt that emphasizes tone:

You are a public relations analyst. Your job is to summarize how the world's media is portraying China, focusing on the tone and portrayal of that coverage. Using the news article headlines below, write a per-country summary of tone about China and how it is being portrayed. Emphasize whether the coverage is positive or negative or neutral and whether China is portrayed as powerful or weak.

Let's try this with Palm 2 32K. The first few times we ran it we got errors, but after several runs, we got the results below. The formatting and structure is actually extremely promising, but we can see that it is led astray by headlines that are not specifically about China:

Country-by-country summary of tone about China:

- South Korea: The tone of South Korean media coverage of China is generally negative. Headlines such as "한국 반도체의 중국공장, 선방했지만… '5%' '1년' 불확실성 여전-국민일보" ("Korea's semiconductor plant in China, prevented… '5%' '1 year' uncertainty still") and """"화타다!"" 한의대생 침술에 죽어가던 고양이 살아나 [나우,어스]""- 헤럴드경제" (""""Ouch!"" A cat dying from acupuncture by a Korean medicine student comes back to life [Now, Us]""- Herald Economy") reflect a sense of skepticism and distrust towards China.
- Germany: The tone of German media coverage of China is generally negative. Headlines such as "Almanya için tehlike çanları çalıyor" ("Alarm bells ringing for Germany") and "China Tobacco: warum 300 Millionen Chinesen rauchen für den Staat" ("China Tobacco: why 300 million Chinese smoke for the state") reflect a sense of concern and criticism towards China.
- Iran: The tone of Iranian media coverage of China is generally positive. Headlines such as "تحلیل؛ دوران تسلط روسیه بر قفقاز جنوبی به پایان رسیده است" ("Analysis; The era of Russian dominance in the South Caucasus has come to an end") and "ایران پرس نيوز: ايران پرس نيوز: تحلیل؛ دوران تسلط روسیه بر قفقاز جنوبی به پایان رسیده است" ("Iran Press News: Iran Press News: Analysis; The era of Russian dominance in the South Caucasus has come to an end") reflect a sense of optimism and support for China.
- Turkey: The tone of Turkish media coverage of China is generally neutral. Headlines such as "Geri Gönderme Merkezi, Doğu Türkistanlı anneyi deport etme vebalinden son anda kurtuldu!" ("The Repatriation Center saved an East Turkestan mother from the scourge of deportation at the last moment!") and "Imec e Tre Mari, nuova connettività eurasiatica con l'Italia al centro" ("Imec and Tre Mari, new Eurasian connectivity with Italy at the center") reflect a mix of positive and negative sentiments towards China.
- Russia: The tone of Russian media coverage of China is generally positive. Headlines such as "Детенышу панды из Московского зоопарка исполнился месяц – Москва |" ("A panda cub from the Moscow Zoo is a month old – Moscow |") and "В Китае на Азиатских играх будут соревноваться в кибер-спорте" ("China will compete in e-sports at the Asian Games") reflect a sense of excitement and anticipation for China's participation in the upcoming Asian Games.
- France: The tone of French media coverage of China is generally negative. Headlines such as "Pierre Cardin : l'héritage qui valait 1 milliard" ("Pierre Cardin: the legacy that was worth 1 billion") and "Un conseiller de la banque centrale chinoise propose des réformes structurelles pour relancer l'économie" ("A Chinese central bank adviser proposes structural reforms to revive the economy") reflect a sense of skepticism and concern towards China's economic policies.
- Vietnam: The tone of Vietnamese media coverage of China is generally neutral. Headlines such as "Áp thấp nhiệt đới trên Biển Đông đang mạnh lên" ("The tropical depression in the East Sea is getting stronger") and "Uzbekistan stanet plantaciyey dlya kitayskikh krevetok" ("Uzbekistan will become a plantation for Chinese shrimp") reflect a mix of positive and negative sentiments towards China.
- China: The tone of Chinese media coverage of China is generally positive. Headlines such as "天正元年　与治郎作　鉄燈篭　日本庭園　坪庭【人気急上昇】" ("Tensho 1st year Yojiro's work Iron lantern Japanese garden Tsuboniwa [Popularity soaring]") and "昨晚在杭州市，第19届亚运会开幕" ("Last night in Hangzhou City, the 19th Asian Games opened") reflect a sense of pride and excitement for China's hosting of the Asian Games.
- India: The tone of Indian media coverage of China is generally negative. Headlines such as "भारत ने तीन रजत और दो कांस्य सहित जीते पांच पदक" ("India won five medals including three silver and two bronze") and "चीन के तट रक्षक दक्षिण चीन सागर में फ्लोटिंग बैरियर लगा रहे हैं ताकि फिलीपींस की नौकाओं को दूर रखा जा सके: China coast guard installing floating barrier in South China Sea to prevented Filipinos from entering and fishing in the area" ("China's coast guard is installing a floating barrier in the South China Sea to prevent Filipinos from entering and fishing in the area") reflect a sense of competition and concern towards China.
- Indonesia: The tone of Indonesian media coverage of China is generally neutral. Headlines such as "Asean Rampungkan Latihan Militer Gabungan Pertama di Indonesia" ("Asean Completes First Joint Military Exercise in Indonesia") and "Nilai Ekspor Jakarta Naik 4,48 Persen pada Awal Semester II/2023" ("Jakarta's Export Value Increases 4.48 Percent in Early Semester II/2023") reflect a mix of positive and negative sentiments towards China.
- Brazil: The tone of Brazilian media coverage of China is generally neutral. Headlines such as "Ministério da Economia libera R$ 1,3 bilhão para obras de infraestrutura em rodovias e ferrovias" ("Ministry of Economy releases R$1.3 billion for infrastructure works on highways and railways") and "China News: चीन के तट रक्षक दक्षिण चीन सागर में फ्लोटिंग बैरियर लगा रहे हैं ताकि फिलीपींस की नौकाओं को दूर रखा जा सके: China coast guard installing floating barrier in South China Sea to prevented Filipinos from entering and fishing in the area" ("China News: China's coast guard is installing a floating barrier in the South China Sea to prevent Filipinos from entering and fishing in the area") reflect a mix of positive and negative sentiments towards China.
- United States: The tone of US media coverage of China is generally negative. Headlines such as "US says China, Russia, Iran modernizing nuclear weapons infrastructure" ("US says China, Russia, Iran modernizing nuclear weapons infrastructure") and "China's Xi meets Nepal PM – Xinhua – french.news.cn" ("China's Xi meets Nepal PM – Xinhua – french.news.cn") reflect a sense of concern and skepticism towards China's military and diplomatic activities.
- United Kingdom: The tone of UK media coverage of China is generally negative. Headlines such as "China's Xi meets Nepal PM – Xinhua – french.news.cn" ("China's Xi meets Nepal PM – Xinhua – french.news.cn") and "Hong Kong leader says city must stay 'resolute' in upholding national security law" ("Hong Kong leader says city must stay 'resolute' in upholding national security law") reflect a sense of concern and skepticism towards China's political and legal system.
- Canada: The tone of Canadian media coverage of China is generally negative. Headlines such as "Trudeau, world stage loner after tough week faces cold reality on Canada-India rift : The Economic Times" ("Trudeau, world stage loner after tough week faces cold reality on Canada-India rift : The Economic Times") and "Trudeau faces cold reality after tough week on world stage" ("Trudeau faces cold reality after tough week on world stage") reflect a sense of disappointment and frustration with Canada's relationship with China.
- Australia: The tone of Australian media coverage of China is generally negative. Headlines such as "China's Xi meets Nepal PM – Xinhua – french.news.cn" ("China's Xi meets Nepal PM – Xinhua – french.news.cn") and "China's Xi meets Nepal PM – Xinhua – french.news.cn" ("China's Xi meets Nepal PM – Xinhua – french.news.cn") reflect a sense of concern and skepticism towards China's political and diplomatic activities.

Overall, the tone of media coverage of China is generally negative. This is likely due to a number of factors, including China's rising economic and military power, its human rights record, and its territorial disputes with other countries.

What if we modify the prompt to ask it to identify only China-related headlines?

You are a public relations analyst. Your job is to summarize how the world's media is portraying China, focusing on the tone and portrayal of that coverage. Using the news article headlines below, first identify only the headlines that specifically mention China. Then for those headlines that mention China, write a per-country summary of tone about China and how it is being portrayed. Emphasize whether the coverage is positive or negative or neutral and whether China is portrayed as powerful or weak.

This yields from Palm 32K (after several blocked and useless responses):

Tone and Portrayal:

- China is portrayed mostly in a negative light in the headlines that mention it.
- The coverage is generally critical of China's actions and policies.
- China is often portrayed as a threat to other countries, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region.
- The coverage also highlights human rights abuses and other negative aspects of life in China.
- China is often portrayed as a powerful country, but one that is also facing significant challenges.

Let's modify the prompt again:

You are a public relations analyst. Your job is to summarize how the world's media is portraying China, focusing on the tone and portrayal of that coverage. Using the news article headlines below, using only the headlines that mention China, write a per-country summary of tone about China and how it is being portrayed. Emphasize whether the coverage is positive or negative or neutral and whether China is portrayed as powerful or weak.

This yields from Palm 32K (after several blocked and useless responses):

Country-by-country summary of tone about China:

Australia: The tone of the Australian media's coverage of China is generally negative. Headlines such as "China Tobacco: why 300 million Chinese smoke for the state" and "China's Belt and Road Initiative: a new era of colonialism?" reflect a critical view of China's economic and political influence.

Canada: The tone of the Canadian media's coverage of China is mixed. Some headlines, such as "Canada and China: a relationship in decline" and "Trudeau, world stage loner after a cold week facing reality on India conflict" reflect a negative view of China's role in the world. However, other headlines, such as "Canada and China sign historic agreement on climate change" and "Canada-China relations: Trudeau says he's 'cautiously optimistic' about future" reflect a more positive view of the relationship between the two countries.

China: The tone of the Chinese media's coverage of China is overwhelmingly positive. Headlines such as "China's economy continues to grow at a steady pace" and "China's military is the strongest in the world" reflect a strong sense of national pride and confidence.

France: The tone of the French media's coverage of China is mixed. Some headlines, such as "La Chine, une menace pour l'ordre mondial?" and "La Chine, un partenaire économique incontournable" reflect a critical view of China's role in the world. However, other headlines, such as "La Chine, un pays en pleine mutation" and "La Chine, une destination touristique de choix" reflect a more positive view of China.

Germany: The tone of the German media's coverage of China is mixed. Some headlines, such as "China: Eine Gefahr für die Weltwirtschaft?" and "China: Ein autoritäres Regime" reflect a critical view of China's economic and political system. However, other headlines, such as "China: Eine Wirtschaftsmacht mit globalem Einfluss" and "China: Ein wichtiger Handelspartner für Deutschland" reflect a more positive view of China's role in the world.

India: The tone of the Indian media's coverage of China is generally negative. Headlines such as "China's aggression at the border is a threat to India's sovereignty" and "China's economic expansion is a threat to India's economy" reflect a strong sense of nationalism and a fear of China's growing power.

Japan: The tone of the Japanese media's coverage of China is mixed. Some headlines, such as "China's military expansion is a threat to Japan's security" and "China's economic dominance is a threat to Japan's economy" reflect a critical view of China's role in the region. However, other headlines, such as "China's cultural influence is growing in Japan" and "China's tourism industry is booming" reflect a more positive view of China's impact on Japan.

South Korea: The tone of the South Korean media's coverage of China is mixed. Some headlines, such as "China's economic slowdown is a threat to South Korea's economy" and "China's military expansion is a threat to South Korea's security" reflect a critical view of China's role in the region. However, other headlines, such as "China's cultural influence is growing in South Korea" and "China's tourism industry is booming" reflect a more positive view of China's impact on South Korea.

United Kingdom: The tone of the British media's coverage of China is generally negative. Headlines such as "China's human rights record is appalling" and "China's economic model is unsustainable" reflect a critical view of China's political and economic system. However, other headlines, such as "China is a major economic power" and "China is a key player in global affairs" reflect a more positive view of China's role in the world.

United States: The tone of the American media's coverage of China is generally negative. Headlines such as "China is a threat to the United States" and "China is a rising superpower" reflect a strong sense of competition and rivalry between the two countries. However, other headlines, such as "China and the United States can cooperate on climate change" and "China and the United States can work together to build a better world" reflect a more positive view of the potential for cooperation between the two countries.

Overall, the tone of the world's media about China is negative. There are more negative headlines than positive headlines, and many of the negative headlines are about China's human rights record, its trade practices, and its military expansion.

Let's filter to just headlines that mention the English words "China" or "Chinese" or "Beijing" and drop our requirement that it mention China at least twice in the article text. This dramatically reduces the languages we will be able to consider, but could help both broaden our reach (by excluding the requirement of 2x mentions) and increase our accuracy (by excluding unrelated headlines):

CREATE TEMPORARY FUNCTION titleunescape(title STRING) RETURNS STRING LANGUAGE js AS '''
  return title.replace(/()([a-zA-Z0-9]+)(;)/gu, function (whole, capture1, capture2) {
    return String.fromCodePoint(parseInt(capture2, 16))
  });
''';

select titleunescaped as articletitle from (
SELECT
  titleunescape( REGEXP_EXTRACT(Extras, r'(.*?)<\/PAGE_TITLE>') ) titleunescaped
 FROM `gdelt-bq.gdeltv2.gkg_partitioned` WHERE
  (Extras like '%China%' OR Extras like '%Chinese%' OR Extras like '%Beijing%')
  and DocumentIdentifier not like '%.cn/%'
  and TranslationInfo not like '%srclc:zho%'
  AND TIMESTAMP_TRUNC(_PARTITIONTIME, DAY) = TIMESTAMP("2023-09-24")
) group by titleunescaped order by rand() limit 250

We'll use the same prompt:

You are a public relations analyst. Your job is to summarize how the world's media is portraying China, focusing on the tone and portrayal of that coverage. Using the news article headlines below, write in English a per-country summary of tone about China and how it is being portrayed. Emphasize whether the coverage is positive or negative or neutral and whether China is portrayed as powerful or weak.

This yields from Palm 32K (after several blocked and useless responses):

Angola

- Tone: Positive
- Portrayal: Powerful
- Explanation: The article highlights the strong economic ties between Angola and China, with China having lent Angola 42 billion euros since 2000.

China

- Tone: Neutral
- Portrayal: Powerful
- Explanation: The article is a summary of news headlines about China from various sources. The headlines cover a range of topics, including China's economy, military, and foreign policy.

India

- Tone: Negative
- Portrayal: Weak
- Explanation: The article reports on India's protest against China after three of its athletes were unable to participate in the Asian Games. The article also mentions that India is strengthening its infrastructure along the border with China, suggesting that India is concerned about China's military power.

Indonesia

- Tone: Neutral
- Portrayal: Weak
- Explanation: The article reports on Indonesia's football team losing to North Korea in the Asian Games. The article also mentions that Indonesia is hoping to qualify for the round of 16, but their chances are slim.

Japan

- Tone: Negative
- Portrayal: Weak
- Explanation: The article reports on two Chinese ships entering disputed waters near the Senkaku/Diaoyu islands. The article also mentions that Japan is concerned about China's increasing military presence in the region.

North Korea

- Tone: Positive
- Portrayal: Powerful
- Explanation: The article reports on North Korea's leader, Kim Jong Un, sending a letter to China's leader, Xi Jinping, pledging to work closely with China. The article also mentions that North Korea is committed to strengthening its ties with China.

Philippines

- Tone: Negative
- Portrayal: Weak
- Explanation: The article reports on the Philippines accusing China of installing a floating barrier in a disputed area of the South China Sea. The article also mentions that the Philippines is concerned about China's increasing military presence in the region.

Russia

- Tone: Neutral
- Portrayal: Powerful
- Explanation: The article reports on Russia and China forming a strategic partnership. The article also mentions that Russia and China are working together on a number of projects, including the development of a new fighter jet.

South Korea

- Tone: Neutral
- Portrayal: Powerful
- Explanation: The article reports on South Korea's Prime Minister meeting with China's leader, Xi Jinping. The article also mentions that South Korea and China are working together on a number of projects, including the development of a new fighter jet.

Syria

- Tone: Positive
- Portrayal: Powerful
- Explanation: The article reports on Syria and China agreeing to form a "strategic partnership." The article also mentions that Syria and China are working together on a number of projects, including the reconstruction of Syria's infrastructure.

United States

- Tone: Negative
- Portrayal: Weak
- Explanation: The article reports on the United States accusing China of installing a floating barrier in a disputed area of the South China Sea. The article also mentions that the United States is concerned about China's increasing military presence in the region.

Vietnam

- Tone: Neutral
- Portrayal: Weak
- Explanation: The article reports on Vietnam and China signing a memorandum of understanding to promote the teaching of Mandarin. The article also mentions that Vietnam and China are working together on a number of projects, including the construction of a new railway.

Let's try another prompt formulation:

You are a public relations analyst. Your job is to summarize how the world's media is portraying China, focusing on the tone and portrayal of that coverage. Using the news article headlines below, write in English a per-country summary of tone about China and how it is being portrayed. For each country, include two fields: Tone Towards China (very positive, positive, neutral, negative, very negative) and Portrayal of China's Strength (Powerful or Weak) and describe how you reached those two conclusions.

This yields from Palm 32K (after several blocked and useless responses). Note that this contains substantial hallucination:

Country: Angola

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Angola and China have signed an investment protection agreement. Angola y China firmarán acuerdo de protección de inversiones

Country: Australia

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Australia accuses China of installing a floating barrier in the disputed South China Sea. Philippines accuses China of installing floating barrier in disputed South China Sea – DW – 24.09.2023

Country: Brazil

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Brazil's Lula receives leader of the Chinese Communist Party: new chapter in Sino-Brazilian relations. Lula recebe dirigente do Partido Comunista da China: novo capítulo das relações sino-brasileiras

Country: Canada

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Canada says China acted unacceptably by denying visas to athletes from Arunachal Pradesh. Anurag Thakur says China act of not granting visa to Arunachal Pradesh players as unacceptable

Country: Chile

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful The Chinese city of Fuzhou hosts the 2023 Asian Games. China: Asian Games kick off in Fuzhou

Country: China

Tone Towards China: N/A Portrayal of China's Strength: N/A News about China's domestic affairs, with no clear tone or portrayal of China's strength. Trucurile femeilor din China: Autocolonatele pentru buric Pelo menos 16 mortos num incêndio numa mina de carvão na China

Country: Colombia

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Colombia: New health protocol for the export of beef to China. Kolumbien: Neues Gesundheitsprotokoll für den Export von Rindfleisch nach China » latinapress Nachrichten

Country: Cook Islands

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful The United States establishes relations with the Cook Islands and Niue to contain China in the Pacific. EE.UU. establece relaciones con las islas Cook y Niue para contener a China en el Pacífico

Country: Czech Republic

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful The Czech Republic's Senate President Milos Vystrcil says that Europe has already lost two major wars: with the US and with China. Evropa a pierdut deja doua mari razboaie: Cu SUA si cu China

Country: France

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful The French newspaper Le Figaro says that Europe has lost the trade war with China. China y la UE celebran un diálogo económico opacado por la investigación a los eléctricos chinos

Country: Germany

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful The German newspaper Handelsblatt says that China is buying up European ports and gaining control over critical infrastructure. 'China heeft sleutels Europese havens in handen'

Country: India

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful India accuses China of not granting visas to its athletes for the Asian Games. India Protes China Setelah 3 Atletnya Tidak Bisa Ikut Asian Games

Country: Indonesia

Tone Towards China: Neutral Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Indonesia's U-24 national football team lost to North Korea in the Asian Games. Timnas Indonesia U-24 Takluk dari Korea Utara, Peluang Lolos ke Babak 16 Besar Tipis

Country: Israel

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Israel warns that China's 5G technology poses a security risk. China 5G poses 'security risk,' Israel warns

Country: Italy

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful The Italian newspaper Il Messaggero says that Europe is losing its technological edge to China. Perché il dibattito sulla Via della Seta è differente. L'analisi di ChinaMed

Country: Japan

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Japan protests China's incursions into the disputed Senkaku/Diaoyu islands. Japón/China.- Dos buques chinos penetran en aguas territoriales de las islas Senkaku/Diaoyu, en disputa con Japón

Country: Kenya

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Kenya says that China is a key partner in its development. Kenya says China key partner in its development

Country: Mexico

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Mexico announces at the UN Assembly a proposal for participation in the G77 + China. México anuncia en la Asamblea de la ONU una propuesta de participación para el G77 + China

Country: Nepal

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Nepal's Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda says that Nepal will support China's Belt and Road Initiative. Nepal China Relations Prachanda India: Nepal Pm Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda China Visit Says Will Support Belt And Road Initiative- शी जिनपिंग एक दूरदर्शी वैश्विक नेता नेपाल BRI को देता रहेगा समर्थन चीन से प्रचंड ने भारत को दिया झटका?

Country: Netherlands

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful The Dutch newspaper De Telegraaf says that China is a threat to Europe's security. China: 'Dreiging voor de veiligheid van Europa'

Country: New Zealand

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful New Zealand's Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern says that China is a "disruptive" force in the Pacific. New Zealand says China a 'disruptive' force in Pacific

Country: Nigeria

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Nigeria says that China is a key partner in its development. Nigeria says China key partner in its development

Country: North Korea

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful North Korea's leader Kim Jong Un pledges to work closely with China. Kim Jong Un promises close cooperation between China and North Korea in letter to Xi Jinping

Country: Norway

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Norway's Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Store says that China is a "systemic rival" to the West. Norway says China is a 'systemic rival' to the West

Country: Pakistan

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Pakistan's Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif says that China is a "true friend" to Pakistan. Pakistan says China a 'true friend' as PM Sharif seeks more investment

Country: Philippines

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful The Philippines accuses China of installing a floating barrier in the disputed South China Sea. Philippines accuses China of installing floating barrier in disputed South China Sea

Country: Poland

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Poland's Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki says that China is a "threat" to Europe. Poland says China is a 'threat' to Europe

Country: Portugal

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Portugal's President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa says that Europe needs to reduce its dependence on China. Portugal's president says Europe must reduce dependence on China

Country: Russia

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Russia says that it wants to work with China to develop a new international order. Russia, China want to create new international order – Lavrov

Country: Saudi Arabia

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman says that China is a "strategic partner" to Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia's crown prince says China is 'strategic partner'

Country: Singapore

Tone Towards China: Neutral Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong says that China is a "major power" in the region. Singapore's PM says China a 'major power' in region, US-China ties 'most consequential'

Country: South Africa

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful South Africa's President Cyril Ramaphosa says that China is a "key partner" to South Africa. South Africa says China is a 'key partner'

Country: South Korea

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful South Korea's President Yoon Suk-yeol says that China is a "threat" to South Korea. South Korea's Yoon says China is a 'threat'

Country: Spain

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Spain's Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez says that China is a "systemic rival" to Europe. Spain says China is a 'systemic rival' to Europe

Country: Sweden

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Sweden's Prime Minister Magdalena Andersson says that China is a "threat" to Europe. Sweden says China is a 'threat' to Europe

Country: Switzerland

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Switzerland's President Ignazio Cassis says that China is a "challenge" to Europe. Switzerland says China is a 'challenge' to Europe

Country: Taiwan

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Taiwan's President Tsai Ing-wen says that China is a "threat" to Taiwan. Taiwan's Tsai says China is a 'threat'

Country: Thailand

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Thailand's Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha says that China is a "strategic partner" to Thailand. Thailand says China is a 'strategic partner'

Country: Turkey

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan says that China is a "strategic partner" to Turkey. Turkey says China is a 'strategic partner'

Country: Uganda

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Uganda's President Yoweri Museveni says that China is a "key partner" to Uganda. Uganda says China is a 'key partner'

Country: United Arab Emirates

Tone Towards China: Positive Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful The United Arab Emirates' Minister of Foreign Affairs Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan says that China is a "strategic partner" to the United Arab Emirates. UAE says China is a 'strategic partner'

Country: United Kingdom

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful The United Kingdom's Prime Minister Boris Johnson says that China is a "systemic challenge" to the United Kingdom. UK's Johnson says China is a 'systemic challenge'

Country: United States

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful The United States says that China is a "strategic competitor" to the United States. US says China is a 'strategic competitor'

Country: Vietnam

Tone Towards China: Negative Portrayal of China's Strength: Powerful Vietnam's Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh says that China is a "threat" to Vietnam. Vietnam's PM says China is a 'threat'

Let's try yet another formulation:

COUNTRY
Country Name: name of country
Tone towards China: the overall tone of coverage mentioning that county towards China
Explanation of Tone: explain how you determined the tone
Portrayal of China: the overall portrayal of China (specify specific adjectives and keywords) of coverage mentioning that county towards China
Explanation of Portrayal: explain how you determined the portrayal
China Strength: whether China is portrayed as being strong or weak in coverage mentioning that county towards China
Explanation of China Strength: explain how you determined the strength

This yields from Palm 32K (after several blocked and useless responses). Note that this simply reapplies the same headlines to every country:

Country Name: United States Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines from the United States is largely negative. Headlines such as "Pelosi establishes relations with the Cook Islands and Niue to contain China in the Pacific" and "US establishes relations with the Cook Islands and Niue to contain China in the Pacific" indicate that the United States is taking a proactive approach to countering China's influence in the region. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a threat to the United States and its allies. Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a threat to the United States and its allies. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is preparing for a military conflict with the United States. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Explanation of China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is a formidable military power.

Country Name: United Kingdom Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines from the United Kingdom is largely negative. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that the United Kingdom is concerned about China's military threat to Taiwan. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a threat to the United Kingdom and its allies. Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a threat to the United Kingdom and its allies. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is preparing for a military conflict with the United Kingdom. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Explanation of China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is a formidable military power.

Country Name: Canada Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines from Canada is largely negative. Headlines such as "Canada joins allies in condemning China's military exercises near Taiwan" and "Canada joins allies in condemning China's military exercises near Taiwan" suggest that Canada is concerned about China's military threat to Taiwan. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a threat to Canada and its allies. Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a threat to Canada and its allies. Headlines such as "Canada joins allies in condemning China's military exercises near Taiwan" and "Canada joins allies in condemning China's military exercises near Taiwan" suggest that China is preparing for a military conflict with Canada. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Explanation of China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Headlines such as "Canada joins allies in condemning China's military exercises near Taiwan" and "Canada joins allies in condemning China's military exercises near Taiwan" suggest that China is a formidable military power.

Country Name: Australia Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines from Australia is largely negative. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that Australia is concerned about China's military threat to Taiwan. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a threat to Australia and its allies. Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a threat to Australia and its allies. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is preparing for a military conflict with Australia. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Explanation of China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is a formidable military power.

Country Name: Germany Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines from Germany is largely negative. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that Germany is concerned about China's military threat to Taiwan. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a threat to Germany and its allies. Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a threat to Germany and its allies. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is preparing for a military conflict with Germany. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Explanation of China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is a formidable military power.

Country Name: France Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines from France is largely negative. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that France is concerned about China's military threat to Taiwan. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a threat to France and its allies. Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a threat to France and its allies. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is preparing for a military conflict with France. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Explanation of China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is a formidable military power.

Country Name: Italy Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines from Italy is largely negative. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that Italy is concerned about China's military threat to Taiwan. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a threat to Italy and its allies. Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a threat to Italy and its allies. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is preparing for a military conflict with Italy. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Explanation of China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is a formidable military power.

Country Name: Spain Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines from Spain is largely negative. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that Spain is concerned about China's military threat to Taiwan. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a threat to Spain and its allies. Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a threat to Spain and its allies. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is preparing for a military conflict with Spain. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Explanation of China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is a formidable military power.

Country Name: Portugal Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines from Portugal is largely negative. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that Portugal is concerned about China's military threat to Taiwan. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a threat to Portugal and its allies. Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a threat to Portugal and its allies. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is preparing for a military conflict with Portugal. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Explanation of China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is a formidable military power.

Country Name: Brazil Tone towards China: Neutral Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines from Brazil is largely neutral. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that Brazil is not particularly concerned about China's military threat to Taiwan. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a neutral country. Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a neutral country. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" do not suggest that China is a threat to Brazil. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Explanation of China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country. Headlines such as "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" and "China's military exercises near Taiwan are a 'rehearsal for invasion,' says US general" suggest that China is a formidable military power.

Let's try again. This time we get repetition again:

Country Name: United States Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines is largely negative, with words like "containment", "decoupling", "concerns", "counter", "challenge", "threat", "adversaries", "predatory", "manipulation", "aggression", "bullying", "coercion", "intimidation", "provocations", and "saber-rattling" being used to describe China's actions and intentions. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a threat to the United States and its allies, with headlines referring to China's "growing power" and "increasingly assertive behavior". China is also portrayed as a country that is not afraid to use its military and economic power to achieve its goals. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country, with headlines referring to its "growing power" and "increasingly assertive behavior". However, some headlines also suggest that China's strength may be overstated, with one headline referring to China's "empty threats". Explanation of China Strength: China's strength is portrayed as being based on its large population, strong economy, and powerful military. However, some headlines also suggest that China's strength may be overstated, with one headline referring to China's "empty threats".

Country Name: United Kingdom Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines is largely negative, with words like "concerns", "threat", "challenge", "adversaries", "aggression", "bullying", "coercion", "intimidation", "provocations", and "saber-rattling" being used to describe China's actions and intentions. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a threat to the United Kingdom and its allies, with headlines referring to China's "growing power" and "increasingly assertive behavior". China is also portrayed as a country that is not afraid to use its military and economic power to achieve its goals. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country, with headlines referring to its "growing power" and "increasingly assertive behavior". However, some headlines also suggest that China's strength may be overstated, with one headline referring to China's "empty threats". Explanation of China Strength: China's strength is portrayed as being based on its large population, strong economy, and powerful military. However, some headlines also suggest that China's strength may be overstated, with one headline referring to China's "empty threats".

Country Name: France Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines is largely negative, with words like "concerns", "threat", "challenge", "adversaries", "aggression", "bullying", "coercion", "intimidation", "provocations", and "saber-rattling" being used to describe China's actions and intentions. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a threat to France and its allies, with headlines referring to China's "growing power" and "increasingly assertive behavior". China is also portrayed as a country that is not afraid to use its military and economic power to achieve its goals. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country, with headlines referring to its "growing power" and "increasingly assertive behavior". However, some headlines also suggest that China's strength may be overstated, with one headline referring to China's "empty threats". Explanation of China Strength: China's strength is portrayed as being based on its large population, strong economy, and powerful military. However, some headlines also suggest that China's strength may be overstated, with one headline referring to China's "empty threats".

Country Name: Germany Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The tone of the headlines is largely negative, with words like "concerns", "threat", "challenge", "adversaries", "aggression", "bullying", "coercion", "intimidation", "provocations", and "saber-rattling" being used to describe China's actions and intentions. Portrayal of China: China is portrayed as a threat to Germany and its allies, with headlines referring to China's "growing power" and "increasingly assertive behavior". China is also portrayed as a country that is not afraid to use its military and economic power to achieve its goals. China Strength: China is portrayed as a strong and powerful country, with headlines referring to its "growing power" and "increasingly assertive behavior". However, some headlines also suggest that China's strength may be overstated, with one headline referring to China's "empty threats". Explanation of China Strength: China's strength is portrayed as being based on its large population, strong economy, and powerful military. However, some headlines also suggest that China's strength may be overstated, with one headline referring to China's "empty threats".

How about again? Once again, repetition, though this time we get more complex repetition.

**COUNTRY**

**Country Name:** United States
**Tone towards China:** Negative
**Explanation of Tone:** The tone of the headlines from the United States is largely negative, with headlines such as "Pelosi says China 'will be held accountable' for Taiwan visit" and "China's Xi Jinping vows to 'reunify' Taiwan with mainland, using force if necessary." These headlines suggest that the United States is concerned about China's intentions towards Taiwan and is prepared to take action if necessary.
**Portrayal of China:** Aggressive and expansionist
**Explanation of Portrayal:** The headlines from the United States portray China as an aggressive and expansionist power, with headlines such as "China's Xi Jinping vows to 'reunify' Taiwan with mainland, using force if necessary" and "China's military budget soars as Xi Jinping vows to 'build world-class military.'" These headlines suggest that the United States sees China as a threat to regional stability and is concerned about its growing military power.
**China Strength:** Strong
**Explanation of China Strength:** The headlines from the United States portray China as a strong and powerful country, with headlines such as "China's military budget soars as Xi Jinping vows to 'build world-class military'" and "China's Xi Jinping vows to 'reunify' Taiwan with mainland, using force if necessary." These headlines suggest that the United States recognizes China's growing military and economic power and is concerned about its influence in the region.

**COUNTRY**

**Country Name:** United Kingdom
**Tone towards China:** Negative
**Explanation of Tone:** The tone of the headlines from the United Kingdom is largely negative, with headlines such as "China's Xi Jinping vows to 'reunify' Taiwan with mainland, using force if necessary" and "China's military budget soars as Xi Jinping vows to 'build world-class military.'" These headlines suggest that the United Kingdom is concerned about China's intentions towards Taiwan and is prepared to take action if necessary.
**Portrayal of China:** Aggressive and expansionist
**Explanation of Portrayal:** The headlines from the United Kingdom portray China as an aggressive and expansionist power, with headlines such as "China's Xi Jinping vows to 'reunify' Taiwan with mainland, using force if necessary" and "China's military budget soars as Xi Jinping vows to 'build world-class military.'" These headlines suggest that the United Kingdom sees China as a threat to regional stability and is concerned about its growing military power.
**China Strength:** Strong
**Explanation of China Strength:** The headlines from the United Kingdom portray China as a strong and powerful country, with headlines such as "China's military budget soars as Xi Jinping vows to 'build world-class military'" and "China's Xi Jinping vows to 'reunify' Taiwan with mainland, using force if necessary." These headlines suggest that the United Kingdom recognizes China's growing military and economic power and is concerned about its influence in the region.

**COUNTRY**

**Country Name:** France
**Tone towards China:** Negative
**Explanation of Tone:** The tone of the headlines from France is largely negative, with headlines such as "La Chine s'oppose à la visite de Pelosi à Taïwan" and "La Chine met en garde les États-Unis contre toute ingérence dans ses affaires intérieures." These headlines suggest that France is concerned about China's reaction to Pelosi's visit to Taiwan and is urging the United States to stay out of China's internal affairs.
**Portrayal of China:** Aggressive and expansionist
**Explanation of Portrayal:** The headlines from France portray China as an aggressive and expansionist power, with headlines such as "La Chine s'oppose à la visite de Pelosi à Taïwan" and "La Chine met en garde les États-Unis contre toute ingérence dans ses affaires intérieures." These headlines suggest that France sees China as a threat to regional stability and is concerned about its growing military power.
**China Strength:** Strong
**Explanation of China Strength:** The headlines from France portray China as a strong and powerful country, with headlines such as "La Chine met en garde les États-Unis contre toute ingérence dans ses affaires intérieures" and "La Chine s'oppose à la visite de Pelosi à Taïwan." These headlines suggest that France recognizes China's growing military and economic power and is concerned about its influence in the region.

**COUNTRY**

**Country Name:** Germany
**Tone towards China:** Negative
**Explanation of Tone:** The tone of the headlines from Germany is largely negative, with headlines such as "China warnt USA vor Einmischung in Taiwan" and "China: Pelosi-Besuch in Taiwan ist 'gefährliche Provokation.'" These headlines suggest that Germany is concerned about China's reaction to Pelosi's visit to Taiwan and is urging the United States to stay out of China's internal affairs.
**Portrayal of China:** Aggressive and expansionist
**Explanation of Portrayal:** The headlines from Germany portray China as an aggressive and expansionist power, with headlines such as "China warnt USA vor Einmischung in Taiwan" and "China: Pelosi-Besuch in Taiwan ist 'gefährliche Provokation.'" These headlines suggest that Germany sees China as a threat to regional stability and is concerned about its growing military power.
**China Strength:** Strong
**Explanation of China Strength:** The headlines from Germany portray China as a strong and powerful country, with headlines such as "China warnt USA vor Einmischung in Taiwan" and "China: Pelosi-Besuch in Taiwan ist 'gefährliche Provokation.'" These headlines suggest that Germany recognizes China's growing military and economic power and is concerned about its influence in the region.

**COUNTRY**

**Country Name:** Italy
**Tone towards China:** Negative
**Explanation of Tone:** The tone of the headlines from Italy is largely negative, with headlines such as "La Cina condanna la visita di Pelosi a Taiwan: 'Grave violazione della sovranità'" and "La Cina lancia esercitazioni militari intorno a Taiwan dopo la visita di Pelosi." These headlines suggest that Italy is concerned about China's reaction to Pelosi's visit to Taiwan and is urging the United States to stay out of China's internal affairs.
**Portrayal of China:** Aggressive and expansionist
**Explanation of Portrayal:** The headlines from Italy portray China as an aggressive and expansionist power, with headlines such as "La Cina condanna la visita di Pelosi a Taiwan: 'Grave violazione della sovranità'" and "La Cina lancia esercitazioni militari intorno a Taiwan dopo la visita di Pelosi." These headlines suggest that Italy sees China as a threat to regional stability and is concerned about its growing military power.
**China Strength:** Strong
**Explanation of China Strength:** The headlines from Italy portray China as a strong and powerful country, with headlines such as "La Cina lancia esercitazioni militari intorno a Taiwan dopo la visita di Pelosi" and "La Cina condanna la visita di Pelosi a Taiwan: 'Grave violazione della sovranità.'" These headlines suggest that Italy recognizes China's growing military and economic power and is concerned about its influence in the region.

**COUNTRY**

**Country Name:** Spain
**Tone towards China:** Negative
**Explanation of Tone:** The tone of the headlines from Spain is largely negative, with headlines such as "China advierte a Estados Unidos de 'graves consecuencias' por la visita de Pelosi a Taiwán" and "China lanza maniobras militares con fuego real en el estrecho de Taiwán." These headlines suggest that Spain is concerned about China's reaction to Pelosi's visit to Taiwan and is urging the United States to stay out of China's internal affairs.
**Portrayal of China:** Aggressive and expansionist
**Explanation of Portrayal:** The headlines from Spain portray China as an aggressive and expansionist power, with headlines such as "China advierte a Estados Unidos de 'graves consecuencias' por la visita de Pelosi a Taiwán" and "China lanza maniobras militares con fuego real en el estrecho de Taiwán." These headlines suggest that Spain sees China as a threat to regional stability and is concerned about its growing military power.
**China Strength:** Strong
**Explanation of China Strength:** The headlines from Spain portray China as a strong and powerful country, with headlines such as "China lanza maniobras militares con fuego real en el estrecho de Taiwán" and "China advierte a Estados Unidos de 'graves consecuencias' por la visita de Pelosi a Taiwán." These headlines suggest that Spain recognizes China's growing military and economic power and is concerned about its influence in the region.

Finally, running again yields the results below. At first glance this is an exceptionally formatted and structured summary and a strong representation of what we are looking for. Unfortunately, it is nearly entirely hallucinated from whole cloth. But, while the results below are entirely detached from the actual headlines provided, they offer a glimpse at what such summaries could ideally look like:

Country Name: United States

Tone towards China: Negative Explanation of Tone: The headlines from US-based news sources generally have a negative tone towards China.

- Articles from The Washington Times and The Wall Street Journal discuss China's military threat to Taiwan and the Pacific, with The Washington Times claiming that China is "bullying" Taiwan.
- The Washington Post reports on China's human rights abuses against the Uighur minority, calling it a "genocide."
- The New York Times reports on China's growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order.
- CNBC reports on China's economic slowdown and its impact on the global economy.
- The Hill reports on China's growing influence in the Asia-Pacific region and its competition with the US.

Portrayal of China: Aggressive, expansionist, authoritarian Explanation of Portrayal: The US-based news sources portray China as an aggressive and expansionist power, with headlines mentioning China's military threat to Taiwan and the Pacific, its human rights abuses, and its growing economic and geopolitical power.

- China is also portrayed as an authoritarian state, with headlines mentioning its "genocide" against the Uighur minority and its suppression of dissent.

China Strength: Strong, but facing challenges Explanation of China Strength: The US-based news sources portray China as a strong and rising power, with headlines mentioning its growing economic and geopolitical power.

- However, they also suggest that China is facing challenges, such as a slowing economy, a trade war with the US, and increasing international scrutiny of its human rights record.

Country Name: United Kingdom

Tone towards China: Critical Explanation of Tone: The headlines from UK-based news sources generally have a critical tone towards China.

- Articles from The Telegraph and The Times discuss China's human rights abuses in Hong Kong and Xinjiang, with The Telegraph calling China a "rogue state."
- The Guardian reports on China's growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order, while The Independent reports on China's environmental record.
- The BBC reports on China's COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy.

Portrayal of China: Authoritarian, expansionist, economically powerful Explanation of Portrayal: The UK-based news sources portray China as an authoritarian and expansionist power, with headlines mentioning its human rights abuses, its military threat to Taiwan, and its territorial claims in the South China Sea.

- China is also portrayed as an economically powerful country, with headlines mentioning its growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order.

China Strength: Strong, but facing challenges Explanation of China Strength: The UK-based news sources portray China as a strong and rising power, with headlines mentioning its growing economic and geopolitical power.

- However, they also suggest that China is facing challenges, such as a slowing economy, a trade war with the US, and increasing international scrutiny of its human rights record.

Country Name: France

Tone towards China: Critical Explanation of Tone: The headlines from French news sources generally have a critical tone towards China.

- Articles from Le Monde and Libération discuss China's human rights abuses in Hong Kong and Xinjiang, with Le Monde calling China a "dictatorship."
- Le Figaro reports on China's growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order, while Les Echos reports on China's environmental record.
- RFI reports on China's COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy.

Portrayal of China: Authoritarian, expansionist, economically powerful Explanation of Portrayal: The French news sources portray China as an authoritarian and expansionist power, with headlines mentioning its human rights abuses, its military threat to Taiwan, and its territorial claims in the South China Sea.

- China is also portrayed as an economically powerful country, with headlines mentioning its growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order.

China Strength: Strong, but facing challenges Explanation of China Strength: The French news sources portray China as a strong and rising power, with headlines mentioning its growing economic and geopolitical power.

- However, they also suggest that China is facing challenges, such as a slowing economy, a trade war with the US, and increasing international scrutiny of its human rights record.

Country Name: Germany

Tone towards China: Critical Explanation of Tone: The headlines from German news sources generally have a critical tone towards China.

- Articles from Der Spiegel and Die Zeit discuss China's human rights abuses in Hong Kong and Xinjiang, with Der Spiegel calling China a "dictatorship."
- Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung reports on China's growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order, while Süddeutsche Zeitung reports on China's environmental record.
- Deutsche Welle reports on China's COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy.

Portrayal of China: Authoritarian, expansionist, economically powerful Explanation of Portrayal: The German news sources portray China as an authoritarian and expansionist power, with headlines mentioning its human rights abuses, its military threat to Taiwan, and its territorial claims in the South China Sea.

- China is also portrayed as an economically powerful country, with headlines mentioning its growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order.

China Strength: Strong, but facing challenges Explanation of China Strength: The German news sources portray China as a strong and rising power, with headlines mentioning its growing economic and geopolitical power.

- However, they also suggest that China is facing challenges, such as a slowing economy, a trade war with the US, and increasing international scrutiny of its human rights record.

Country Name: Italy

Tone towards China: Critical Explanation of Tone: The headlines from Italian news sources generally have a critical tone towards China.

- Articles from La Repubblica and Corriere della Sera discuss China's human rights abuses in Hong Kong and Xinjiang, with La Repubblica calling China a "dictatorship."
- Il Sole 24 Ore reports on China's growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order, while La Stampa reports on China's environmental record.
- RAI News reports on China's COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy.

Portrayal of China: Authoritarian, expansionist, economically powerful Explanation of Portrayal: The Italian news sources portray China as an authoritarian and expansionist power, with headlines mentioning its human rights abuses, its military threat to Taiwan, and its territorial claims in the South China Sea.

- China is also portrayed as an economically powerful country, with headlines mentioning its growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order.

China Strength: Strong, but facing challenges Explanation of China Strength: The Italian news sources portray China as a strong and rising power, with headlines mentioning its growing economic and geopolitical power.

- However, they also suggest that China is facing challenges, such as a slowing economy, a trade war with the US, and increasing international scrutiny of its human rights record.

Country Name: Spain

Tone towards China: Critical Explanation of Tone: The headlines from Spanish news sources generally have a critical tone towards China.

- Articles from El País and El Mundo discuss China's human rights abuses in Hong Kong and Xinjiang, with El País calling China a "dictatorship."
- La Vanguardia reports on China's growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order, while ABC reports on China's environmental record.
- RTVE reports on China's COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy.

Portrayal of China: Authoritarian, expansionist, economically powerful Explanation of Portrayal: The Spanish news sources portray China as an authoritarian and expansionist power, with headlines mentioning its human rights abuses, its military threat to Taiwan, and its territorial claims in the South China Sea.

- China is also portrayed as an economically powerful country, with headlines mentioning its growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order.

China Strength: Strong, but facing challenges Explanation of China Strength: The Spanish news sources portray China as a strong and rising power, with headlines mentioning its growing economic and geopolitical power.

- However, they also suggest that China is facing challenges, such as a slowing economy, a trade war with the US, and increasing international scrutiny of its human rights record.

Country Name: Portugal

Tone towards China: Critical Explanation of Tone: The headlines from Portuguese news sources generally have a critical tone towards China.

- Articles from Público and Diário de Notícias discuss China's human rights abuses in Hong Kong and Xinjiang, with Público calling China a "dictatorship."
- Jornal de Notícias reports on China's growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order, while Expresso reports on China's environmental record.
- RTP reports on China's COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy.

Portrayal of China: Authoritarian, expansionist, economically powerful Explanation of Portrayal: The Portuguese news sources portray China as an authoritarian and expansionist power, with headlines mentioning its human rights abuses, its military threat to Taiwan, and its territorial claims in the South China Sea.

- China is also portrayed as an economically powerful country, with headlines mentioning its growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order.

China Strength: Strong, but facing challenges Explanation of China Strength: The Portuguese news sources portray China as a strong and rising power, with headlines mentioning its growing economic and geopolitical power.

- However, they also suggest that China is facing challenges, such as a slowing economy, a trade war with the US, and increasing international scrutiny of its human rights record.

Country Name: Brazil

Tone towards China: Positive Explanation of Tone: The headlines from Brazilian news sources generally have a positive tone towards China.

- Articles from O Globo and Folha de S.Paulo discuss China's economic growth and its role in the global economy, with O Globo calling China a "global powerhouse."
- Estadão reports on China's growing relationship with Brazil, while Veja reports on China's cultural influence in Brazil.
- G1 reports on China's COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy.

Portrayal of China: Rising power, economic powerhouse, important partner for Brazil Explanation of Portrayal: The Brazilian news sources portray China as a rising power and an important economic partner for Brazil.

- Headlines mention China's growing economic power and its role in the global economy, as well as its growing relationship with Brazil.
- China is also portrayed as a cultural influence in Brazil.

China Strength: Strong, with a growing economy and global influence Explanation of China Strength: The Brazilian news sources portray China as a strong and rising power, with headlines mentioning its growing economic power and its global influence.

- However, they also suggest that China is facing challenges, such as a slowing economy and increasing international scrutiny of its human rights record.

Country Name: India

Tone towards China: Critical Explanation of Tone: The headlines from Indian news sources generally have a critical tone towards China.

- Articles from The Times of India and The Hindu discuss China's border dispute with India, with The Times of India calling China a "bully."
- The Indian Express reports on China's growing economic power and its challenge to India's regional dominance, while The Economic Times reports on China's environmental record.
- NDTV reports on China's COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy.

Portrayal of China: Aggressive, expansionist, economically powerful Explanation of Portrayal: The Indian news sources portray China as an aggressive and expansionist power, with headlines mentioning its border dispute with India, its military threat to Taiwan, and its territorial claims in the South China Sea.

- China is also portrayed as an economically powerful country, with headlines mentioning its growing economic power and its challenge to India's regional dominance.

China Strength: Strong, but facing challenges Explanation of China Strength: The Indian news sources portray China as a strong and rising power, with headlines mentioning its growing economic and geopolitical power.

- However, they also suggest that China is facing challenges, such as a slowing economy, a trade war with the US, and increasing international scrutiny of its human rights record.

Country Name: Australia

Tone towards China: Critical Explanation of Tone: The headlines from Australian news sources generally have a critical tone towards China.

- Articles from The Sydney Morning Herald and The Age discuss China's human rights abuses in Hong Kong and Xinjiang, with The Sydney Morning Herald calling China a "dictatorship."
- The Australian reports on China's growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order, while The Guardian Australia reports on China's environmental record.
- ABC News reports on China's COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the global economy.

Portrayal of China: Authoritarian, expansionist, economically powerful Explanation of Portrayal: The Australian news sources portray China as an authoritarian and expansionist power, with headlines mentioning its human rights abuses, its military threat to Taiwan, and its territorial claims in the South China Sea.

- China is also portrayed as an economically powerful country, with headlines mentioning its growing economic power and its challenge to the US-led global order.

China Strength: Strong, but facing challenges Explanation of China Strength: The Australian news sources portray China as a strong and rising power, with headlines mentioning its growing economic and geopolitical power.

- However, they also suggest that China is facing challenges, such as a slowing economy, a trade war with the US, and increasing international scrutiny of its human rights record.

Let's try once more, this time we'll limit ourselves only to English headlines. This further limits our scope, but avoids any multilingual issues that might be confusing PaLM:

CREATE TEMPORARY FUNCTION titleunescape(title STRING) RETURNS STRING LANGUAGE js AS '''
  return title.replace(/()([a-zA-Z0-9]+)(;)/gu, function (whole, capture1, capture2) {
    return String.fromCodePoint(parseInt(capture2, 16))
  });
''';

select titleunescaped as articletitle from (
SELECT
  titleunescape( REGEXP_EXTRACT(Extras, r'(.*?)<\/PAGE_TITLE>') ) titleunescaped
 FROM `gdelt-bq.gdeltv2.gkg_partitioned` WHERE
  (Extras like '%China%' OR Extras like '%Chinese%' OR Extras like '%Beijing%')
  and DocumentIdentifier not like '%.cn/%'
  and TranslationInfo is null
  AND TIMESTAMP_TRUNC(_PARTITIONTIME, DAY) = TIMESTAMP("2023-09-24")
) group by titleunescaped order by rand() limit 250

Once again we'll use the prompt:

Country Name: name of country
Tone towards China: the overall tone of coverage mentioning that county towards China
Explanation of Tone: explain how you determined the tone
Portrayal of China: the overall portrayal of China (specify specific adjectives and keywords) of coverage mentioning that county towards China
Explanation of Portrayal: explain how you determined the portrayal
China Strength: whether China is portrayed as being strong or weak in coverage mentioning that county towards China
Explanation of China Strength: explain how you determined the strength

HEADLINES:

This time we cannot get PaLM to produce output after more than 20 attempts due to guardrail false positives, so we'll switch back to Claude 2, which actually produces interesting results, though with repetition:

Here are the per-country summaries of media portrayals of China:

Belize:
Tone towards China: Neutral
Explanation of Tone: The headline about China's development plans for Central Asia does not reveal any positive or negative tone.
Portrayal of China: Development partner
Explanation of Portrayal: The headline portrays China as seeking to develop Central Asia through economic partnerships.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China is portrayed as having the resources and influence to develop an entire region.

Cuba:
Tone towards China: Neutral
Explanation of Tone: The headline about China attending a G77 summit in Cuba is factual and neutral.
Portrayal of China: Major power
Explanation of Portrayal: China's participation in the G77 summit shows it is portrayed as a major world power.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China's status in the G77 implies it is seen as a strong global player.

Philippines:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: Headlines describe opposition from the Philippines over China's actions in the South China Sea.
Portrayal of China: Aggressor
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as aggressively asserting control and sovereignty in disputed waters.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China is able to take unilateral actions that concern other nations, showing its strength.

Taiwan:
Tone towards China: Neutral
Explanation of Tone: The headline about China's performance at the Asian Games is straightforward and neutral.
Portrayal of China: Sports powerhouse
Explanation of Portrayal: The headline focuses on China's success at the Asian Games, portraying it as a major sports power.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China's Olympic dominance displays national strength on the world stage.

United States:
Tone towards China: Wary/concerned
Explanation of Tone: Headlines describe the US shoring up alliances and arms deals to counter rising Chinese influence.
Portrayal of China: Strategic rival
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a top strategic rival to the US in the Pacific region.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China is seen as strong enough to warrant expanded US deterrence.

United Arab Emirates:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline highlights growing cultural ties between China and the UAE.
Portrayal of China: Economic partner
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed through growing business and cultural linkages with the UAE.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has the economic and soft power clout to significantly engage the UAE.

Nepal:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: Headlines emphasize strengthened Nepal-China ties and cooperation.
Portrayal of China: Development partner
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as helping build Nepal's infrastructure and boost economic ties.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has the resources to finance major investment projects in Nepal.

India:
Tone towards China: Wary/concerned
Explanation of Tone: Headlines focus on India bolstering defenses along the China border.
Portrayal of China: Strategic rival
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a top regional rival and security threat to India.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China merits heightened military readiness from India.

Russia:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline highlights growing energy ties between Russia and China.
Portrayal of China: Energy partner
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a major importer of Russian natural gas.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has sizable demand and purchasing power in the energy sector.

Kenya:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline focuses on China providing affordable housing options for Kenyans.
Portrayal of China: Development partner
Explanation of Portrayal: China is helping meet Kenya's housing and development needs.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has the resources and expertise to aid Kenya's development.

Thailand:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline suggests a Chinese film is hurting Thailand's tourism industry.
Portrayal of China: Cultural threat
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as producing entertainment content that damages Thailand.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has a strong cultural influence through its films.

United Kingdom:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline criticizes the UK surrendering an island to an ally of China.
Portrayal of China: Strategic threat
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as benefiting from actions counter to UK interests.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has growing global strategic influence even beyond its borders.

Hong Kong:
Tone towards China: Neutral
Explanation of Tone: The headline analytically covers a court case related to China without bias.
Portrayal of China: Political entity
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed factually as an authority in the Hong Kong legal case.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has sovereignty over Hong Kong's affairs.

India:
Tone towards China: Neutral
Explanation of Tone: The headline reports factually on an Indian trade action related to China.
Portrayal of China: Exporter
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a source of product imports to India.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has a strong enough export industry to warrant trade remedies.

Nepal:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline conveys Nepal's desire to enhance economic ties with China.
Portrayal of China: Trade partner
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a major trade and economic partner for Nepal.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has a strong attractive economy for Nepal to want closer ties.

Philippines:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline depicts the Philippines condemning China's actions in disputed waters.
Portrayal of China: Maritime threat
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as aggressively expanding its control over contested areas at sea.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China can take provocative unilateral actions related to its maritime claims.

China:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline touts the potential growth of China's tea market.
Portrayal of China: Growing consumer market
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as an expanding market for consumer goods like tea.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has a sizable consumer base with purchasing power.

Philippines:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline conveys Philippine opposition to China's installation of a barrier at sea.
Portrayal of China: Maritime aggressor
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as encroaching on maritime areas claimed by the Philippines.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China can take provocative unilateral actions to assert its claims at sea.

China:
Tone towards China: Neutral
Explanation of Tone: The headline analytically discusses China's traditional medicine industry.
Portrayal of China: Traditional medicine leader
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as having an advanced traditional Chinese medicine sector.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has substantial expertise and influence in the traditional medicine field.

Central Asia:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline conveys China announcing development initiatives for Central Asia.
Portrayal of China: Development partner
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as supporting development projects in Central Asia.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China can finance and lead major infrastructure initiatives in the region.

Russia:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline highlights surging Russian energy exports to China.
Portrayal of China: Energy importer
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a major destination for Russian energy exports.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has sizable demand and purchasing power as an energy importer.

India:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline suggests the U.S. is waging hybrid war on India at China's benefit.
Portrayal of China: Strategic beneficiary
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as strategically benefitting from U.S. actions harmful to India.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China is ascendant while India faces external pressure.

United States:
Tone towards China: Wary
Explanation of Tone: The headline describes new U.S. regulations aimed at limiting China's semiconductor industry.
Portrayal of China: Technological rival
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a rival in the technology sector that the U.S. seeks to restrict.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China's technology sector is strong enough to warrant U.S. countermeasures.

United Kingdom:
Tone towards China: Neutral
Explanation of Tone: The headline factually identifies the Chinese background of an actor.
Portrayal of China: Country of origin
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as simply the country of origin of the actor.
China Strength: Neutral
Explanation of China Strength: No judgment made about China's strength.

China:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline reports fatalities from an accident at a Chinese mine.
Portrayal of China: Location of accident
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed factually as the location of the mine accident.
China Strength: Neutral
Explanation of China Strength: No implication about China's strength.

India:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline touts product reviews from China positively.
Portrayal of China: Technology manufacturer
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as producing quality technology products.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: Positive reviews of Chinese products imply a strong technology industry.

India:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline is critical of suggestions India could replace China economically.
Portrayal of China: Economic powerhouse
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as currently being an economic powerhouse.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has a strong enough economy that India could not easily supplant it.

China:
Tone towards China: Cautious
Explanation of Tone: The headline describes China warning citizens to watch for spies.
Portrayal of China: Security focused
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as vigilant about national security against foreign spies.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China is strong enough to warrant espionage attempts against it.

United States:
Tone towards China: Wary
Explanation of Tone: The headline discusses U.S. arms talks with Vietnam aimed at countering China.
Portrayal of China: Strategic rival
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a rival to be deterred through U.S. arms transfers.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China warrants expanded U.S. deterrence measures in the region.

India:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline criticizes China denying visas to Indian athletes.
Portrayal of China: Sports antagonist
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as acting against Indian interests in the sporting realm.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China can take unilateral actions affecting other countries in sports.

China:
Tone towards China: Neutral
Explanation of Tone: The headline factually describes a Chinese state asset management plan.
Portrayal of China: Investor
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as investing in emerging industries.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has extensive assets and resources to invest.

United States:
Tone towards China: Concerned
Explanation of Tone: The headline suggests U.S. Asia strategy is threatened by budget issues.
Portrayal of China: Strategic competitor
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a strategic competitor in the Asia-Pacific region.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China is strong enough to warrant expanded U.S. deterrence.

Vietnam:
Tone towards China: Wary
Explanation of Tone: The headline discusses a U.S. arms deal with Vietnam likely aimed at deterring China.
Portrayal of China: Strategic rival
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a regional rival to be deterred through arms deals.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China warrants measures to restrict its strategic influence.

United Kingdom:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline suggests a Chinese restaurant has poor hygiene standards.
Portrayal of China: Unhygienic
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed negatively as associated with poor sanitation practices.
China Strength: Neutral
Explanation of China Strength: No implication about China's strength.

China:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline skeptically notes China's vacant housing surplus.
Portrayal of China: Property bubble
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as having an oversupplied property market.
China Strength: Weakening
Explanation of China Strength: China's housing surplus implies economic weakness.

China:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline touts China's performance starting the Asian Games.
Portrayal of China: Sports powerhouse
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a dominant sports nation at the Asian Games.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: Early Golds demonstrate China's sporting prowess.

Nepal:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline describes China offering to help develop Nepal's infrastructure.
Portrayal of China: Development partner
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as supporting Nepal's development needs.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China can provide major infrastructure investment to Nepal.

China:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline analytically discusses China's economic outlook.
Portrayal of China: Major economy
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a leading global economic power.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China is a major force in the global economy.

China:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline identifies demographic challenges in China.
Portrayal of China: Declining birthrates
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as facing a declining fertility rate crisis.
China Strength: Weakening
Explanation of China Strength: Demographic challenges imply potential economic issues.

Kuwait:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline describes productive high-level Kuwait-China meetings.
Portrayal of China: Diplomatic partner
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as an important country for Kuwaiti diplomacy.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China warrants high-level bilateral engagement from Kuwait.

United States:
Tone towards China: Neutral/analytical
Explanation of Tone: The headline analytically discusses a Chinese e-commerce company's U.S. strategy.
Portrayal of China: E-commerce leader
Explanation of Portrayal: The headline portrays China as a top global e-commerce player.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: Chinese e-commerce giants have substantial international reach.

China:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline notes China's housing oversupply exceeds population.
Portrayal of China: Property bubble
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as having an overbuilt housing market.
China Strength: Weakening
Explanation of China Strength: Major oversupply issues suggest economic problems.

Philippines:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline conveys Philippine condemnation of China's maritime barrier.
Portrayal of China: Maritime aggressor
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as aggressively encroaching on other maritime claims.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China can take provocative unilateral actions to expand its maritime reach.

China:
Tone towards China: Neutral
Explanation of Tone: The headline analytically discusses Alzheimer's disease in China.
Portrayal of China: Disease impacted
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as having a high Alzheimer's disease rate.
China Strength: Neutral
Explanation of China Strength: No implication about China's strength.

China:
Tone towards China: Neutral
Explanation of Tone: The headline reports factually on a Chinese state asset management plan.
Portrayal of China: Investor
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as investing in emerging industries.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has extensive assets available for investment.

Nepal:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline describes Nepal seeking improved trade ties with China.
Portrayal of China: Trade partner
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a desired trade partner for Nepal.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has an attractive market for Nepali exports.

India:
Tone towards China: Negative
Explanation of Tone: The headline suggests some technology firms pose a privacy threat like China.
Portrayal of China: Technology threat
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a cautionary example of technology firms invading privacy.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China's technology industry has strong surveillance capabilities.

Russia:
Tone towards China: Positive
Explanation of Tone: The headline highlights surging Russian LNG exports to China.
Portrayal of China: Energy importer
Explanation of Portrayal: China is portrayed as a growing market for Russian energy exports.
China Strength: Strong
Explanation of China Strength: China has sizable demand as a major energy importer.

The GDELT Project

Experiments In Summarizing Global Media Tenor: Views Towards China – Part 1

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